Children gender and toys

Question: Examine about theMarketing Strategy and Planfor the Bonfire Cafe. Answer: Recognizable proof of the issues The Bonfire caf in Australia is liable for serving Indian and Pakistani nourishment to its clients. The café serves assortment of nourishment that is acceptable in taste. The administration of the café is likewise acceptable as the staff is pleasant. The area is likewise acceptable and is a significant appreciation for the clients uncommonly the ones that sweetheart Indian nourishment. Nonetheless, barely any issues have been distinguished that the eatery faces. The issues looked by Bonfire caf in Australia are as per the following: The caf just spotlights on development of the eatery and doesn't focus in improving the nature of the nourishment that it serves to its clients. The subsequent issue recognized is that the eatery has constrained menu and just focuses on serving Indian and Pakistani nourishment. The café should focus on extending the menu and the assortment of nourishment that it serves. The eatery has next to no information on their clients due t which they can't focus on the correct clients. This makes them free their significant clients, which is a significant piece of the association. The fourth issue distinguished is that there are numerous eateries like the Bonfire caf because of which the opposition increments. The clients are separated and the benefit of the firm falls. It is anything but difficult to enter the market and simple to duplicate (Beijbom et al. 2015). The eatery just spotlights on the reasonable suppers and needs a wide range of dinners. The consumer loyalty is falling because of the nature of the nourishment that it serves to its clients. With the new eateries coming up the opposition is rising that is raising the issues for the association. It is making hard for the association to develop and grow. Individuals now days are turning out to be more wellbeing cognizant because of which they abstain from expending low quality nourishments, as it is awful for wellbeing. This is a significant issue looked by the eatery (Kotler et al. 2015). Answer for the Problems The issues distinguished above have arrangements also. The arrangements are: The café ought focus on extension as well as nature of nourishment. Improving nature of nourishment will consequently draw in clients and increment the benefit the level. The café ought to likewise extend the assortment of nourishment that it serves. Rather than simply serving Indian and Pakistani nourishment, it ought to present different food sources like Italian or American nourishment. This will enable the café to expand its client base. To battle about its rivals breaking down the contenders procedures is fundamental. An advancement ought to be acquainted all together with accomplish upper hand. It very well may be in type of limits or an adjustment in the vibe. The café can keep subject gatherings that will be a significant fascination for the clients. It is additionally fundamental for the eatery to distinguish its clients and remain in consistent touch with them. This should be possible through web based life and internet.Since individuals are turning out to be wellbeing cognizant, the café ought to be engaged with conveying natural nourishment to its clients. Solid nourishment made with sound herbs and flavors ought to be served to wellbeing cognizant individuals (Jobber and Ellis-Chadwick 2012). Subsequently, the senior officials of the association can take care of the issues through legitimate arranging and procedures. Definition of procedures depends in appropriate market review and examination. Target Market and Market Segmentation Target advertise is a gathering of customers whom the association focuses to sell its items and administrations. Framing objective market is the initial move towards the fruitful advertising methodology. An objective market is framed on different variables and attributes that they share and is comparative. This incorporates age, sex, sex, demography, societal position, culture, class, conviction, disposition and way of life. Division of the clients dependent on these given elements is known as market division (Aghdaie and Alimardani 2015). Market division incorporates: Land division: the clients sectioned dependent on the spot, area, atmosphere and address. For this situation, the Bonfire caf targets clients of Australia that is Sydney and Melbourne and close by territories. Segment division: the clients are fragmented dependent on sex, age, demography, pay and vocation. For this situation, the Bonfire caf targets clients of all demography and age. The eatery focuses on Indian and Pakistani buyers who love the Indian nourishment. It additionally centers around voyagers of India and different nations who look for Indian nourishment (Wedel and Kamakura 2012). Psychographic division: the clients are portioned dependent on perspectives, qualities and ways of life. The eatery focuses on clients that are faithful and have great mentality. It focuses on clients that have high economic wellbeing and pay. Thus, the significant convergence of the Bonfire caf is Pakistani and Indian buyers that have needing for Indian nourishment. The clients are not fragmented dependent on age as it incorporates kids, youngsters, ladies, and grown-ups also. The clients of Bonfire caf are for the most part from Australia and for the most part Indians that dwell in Australia. It additionally incorporates the Indian visitors that stay with Australia (Mobin and Dehghanimohammadabadi 2014). Promoting Objectives Promoting destinations are the objectives and points that the caf needs to accomplish. The goal of the eatery is to grow its business to different nations also. It additionally targets expanding the client base and draws in significant voyagers. The association targets diminishing the conveyance time and improving its administrations. The café is just associated with serving the nourishment on the table to the clients and now it targets presenting remove conveyance. It additionally targets serving clients by home conveyance of nourishment inside five kilometer of sweep that too free conveyance on hand bill of above Australian Dollar fifty. This is done to extend the business and accomplish upper hand over its rivals. The caf targets serving the nourishment inside the given cutoff time. The promoting goals can be estimated utilizing SMART system. The advertising destinations of the Bonfire caf is to expand the quantity of clients visiting the café by twenty five percent and opening two new stores in Melbourne and Sydney. It likewise targets extending its stores in India too (Brown 2012). Brilliant Objective: It is one of the structures that are utilized to gauge the showcasing targets of the association. The advertising destinations so shaped ought to be: Explicit: the association should focus in a particular region. For this situation Bonfire caf focuses at extending the business to different places and growing the client base and henceforth is explicit in its goals. Quantifiable: the showcasing targets so shaped ought to be quantifiable. For this situation the Bonfire caf has set advertising goals in numbers that is it needs to grow its client base by twenty five percent. Assignable: the destinations framed ought to be appointed to particular heads. Here for this situation the advertising destinations are appointed to the representatives and the directors of the eatery. It is likewise doled out to the advertisers (Lee et al. 2015). Practical: the showcasing destinations framed ought to be feasible and reasonable with the goal that the association can accomplish them given the measure of assets. Time related: a particular time ought to be set to accomplish the targets and ought not be excessively long. For this situation, the bistro intends to accomplish its objective inside two years of length. References Aghdaie, M.H. what's more, Alimardani, M., 2015. Target showcase determination dependent on advertise portion assessment: a different property dynamic approach.International Journal of Operational Research,24(3), pp.262-278. Beijbom, O., Joshi, N., Morris, D., Saponas, S. also, Khullar, S., 2015, January. Menu-coordinate: eatery explicit nourishment logging from pictures. In2015 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision(pp. 844-851). IEEE. Earthy colored, D., 2012. Individual Objective for 2013? Not to Have SMART Objectives.Compensation Benefits Review,44(6), pp.305-307. Middleman, D. what's more, Ellis-Chadwick, F., 2012.Principles and practice of marketing(No. seventh). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. also, Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lee, J.Y., Kozlenkova, I.V. also, Palmatier, R.W., 2015. Basic advertising: utilizing hierarchical structure to accomplish showcasing objectives.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,43(1), pp.73-99. Mobin, M. furthermore, Dehghanimohammadabadi, M., 2014. Nourishment item target showcase prioritization utilizing MCDM approaches. InProceedings of the 2014 Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference. Wedel, M. what's more, Kamakura, W.A., 2012.Market division: Conceptual and methodological foundations(Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media

The Role Of Government Affordable Housing Policy - 1424 Words

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Indian Genocide Essay - 1269 Words

Indian Genocide The United States government used military force to follow a policy of genocide toward the Native Americans. Politically, the policies of removal, concentration, and assimilation caused the death of thousands of Native Americans. Economically, the United States government used military force whenever any valuable resource was discovered on Indian Land. Socially, the near extermination of the Buffalo caused starvation and death among the tribes. The evidence clearly indicates that the United States government used military force and economic pressures to conduct a policy of genocide towards the Native Americans. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;For decades, the United States practiced policies of removal to gain valuable land†¦show more content†¦The Sioux war was fought over gold that the U.S. government found in the mountains occupied by the Sioux Indians, and it ended with the Indians being forced to live on reservations. 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Essay on Leaders and Managers - 982 Words

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Aristotles Regimes free essay sample

A paper which discusses what Aristotle considered correct and defective regimes. The paper shows that Aristotle was perhaps the first political philosopher to allow that all regimes are not the same to all people. It shows that he felt that political regimes are often more subjective in their quality than objective. It discusses how, after permitting these deviations however, Aristotle was quite adamant about the better regimes and the type of people who populate them. Aristotle does recognize the reason that so many impure forms of regimes exist: every state contains many elements, and these various elements combine in different levels of efficiency in allowing their ruling classes to subvert their freedoms. Democracy is the one form of government that represents and involvement of the common people in their own destinies and futures. Democracy is the only regime which poses checks and balances on the ruling class to ensure that they are concerned with the common advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotles Regimes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Spinal Cord Repair Essays - Glial Cells, Neurophysiology

Spinal Cord Repair Spinal Cord Repair Once a pipe dream, researchers now are uncovering ways to repair spinal cord injuries. Current methods reduce the nerve cell damage or death that occurs in the hours following injury and increase the efficiency of surviving nerve cells. New evidence suggests that future treatments also may assist the regeneration of lost connections. Prospects include transplanting new nerve cells and supporting cells, delivering proteins that stimulate regeneration by the cells already in the spinal cord, and strategies to reduce inhibition of regeneration. A gymnast cartwheels from one side of the balance beam to the other. As she flips, underneath the ripple of protective bones called vertebrae, nerve cells are passing brain messages through the spinal cord. The cells' chatter directs the coordinated movement of muscles that propel her body. If an accident, such as a fall off the beam, injures these cells, the communication line shuts down below the point of impact. Some 250,000 Americans have spinal cord injuries. The result can include paralysis, a loss of sensation or the ability to move. The spinal cord and brain, known as the central nervous system (CNS), is one main part of our nervous system. The other primary section is the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes the nerves that project to the limbs, heart, skin and other organs outside the brain. Both consist of nerve cells, or neurons, and supporting cells. Scientists have known for years that following an injury, many neurons in the PNS can repair themselves, but CNS neurons are incapable of rebuilding connections. In fact, certain cells in the CNS produce proteins that inhibit the appendages of neurons, known as axons, from regrowing. In the early 1980s, however, researchers demonstrated that the manipulation of the neuron's environment could promote cell regeneration in animals. This finding is prompting: New insight on the mechanisms that regulate repair. Approaches for repairing damaged cells. In the last five years, researchers have unveiled techniques that modestly improve function in animals. One example involves the transplantation of cells taken from embryos, which are known to ignore the central nervous system's regeneration opponents. Researchers discovered that these cells can integrate into the spinal cord's broken communication line. In addition, when they grafted the cells into rats and cats with bruised spinal cords, close to the time of injury, some animals showed partial improved locomotion. Other researchers are making use of non-embryonic mature tissues. In one recent study, rats with completely severed spinal cords apparently showed limited functional improvement with multiple peripheral nerve section implants. The cells in the grafts initially include supporting cells, and cut axons. These axons degenerate, however, leaving behind a natural tube for the CNS axons to regrow through. In the study, the CNS axons grew across the grafts and apparently made connections with the neurons that move the legs. To create a better environment for growth, the scientists aimed the grafts into the gray matter -- the butterfly-shaped tissue in the center of the spinal cord -- which bypassed the spinal cord's inhibitory proteins (see illustration). The grafts were secured with a glue that contained cell injury reducing proteins known as growth factors. These natural factors, themselves, are an intense area of interest. Scientists are perfecting techniques to administer the proteins including specialized implants and genetically-modified cells that produce the factors. One study showed that rat cells, engineered to secrete a growth factor and then transplanted into the animal, regenerated some of the neuronal projections needed for walking. Researchers now are testing whether the growth improves function. Scientists also are examining the benefits of transplanting PNS supporting cells dislodged from their neighboring cells. These cells, called Schwann cells, naturally secrete their own growth factors and have membrane proteins that aid neuron growth. Recently, scientists successfully transplanted purified human Schwann cells into the severed spinal cords of rats and reported that some of the animals had a small improvement in function. More analysis is needed, however, to determine if effective connections were established Psychology Essays

Documenting Primary school teaching in Mumbai (India) The WritePass Journal

Documenting Primary school teaching in Mumbai (India) Introduction Documenting Primary school teaching in Mumbai (India) IntroductionHypothesis RationaleLiterature Review Teacher’s Quality   Teacher’s Interpersonal Skills Documentation of the best practices Primary school teachers and primary educationMethodologyAims ObjectivesOperational DefinitionsData CollectionSampleResearch DesignResearch ToolsData AnalysisReliability and Validity of the researchEthical Issues References: Related Introduction A century ago, when we look back at the educational situation, it can be seen that the concept of ‘primary education’ was not seeded in the minds of the people. Mist of the countries focussed on education as knowing of their religious needs rather than a preparation for one’s active life. Only in 19th century did most countries make primary education compulsory and people began regarding education as a right (Amrung Gerald, 1999). Children usually enrol in primary schools by the age of 6 and it evolves as a five-year cycle and primary education forms as a basis for all further education and schooling and it is also the foundation to cope with the changing world and society (Pollard Bourne, 1995). India’s primary education is like a glass which is two-third full and one third empty having 67 million children aged 6 to 10 years attending primary schooling but 28 to 32 million children who are not (World Bank Publication, 1997). Millions of young children ha iling from lower socio-economic, comprising nearly 40% never complete their primary schooling and those who can have to face a number of problems like poor qualified teachers, very high teacher-student ratio, inadequate teaching materials (Saxena, 2005). All these factors contribute to low quality of education that imparts only little or no learning. Teachers teaching in primary schools account for the largest steadily growing profession in India, with nearly 2.8 million primary and upper primary teachers employed in the year 2000 (Tilak, 1995) It is rightly said ‘upon the teacher rests the school’; the ‘teacher’ becomes the prime revitalizing force and plays a pivotal role in the education system. Good teacher is the one who is T- thoughtful, E- Enthusiastic, A-Ambitious, C- Creative, H- Having high dignity, E- Executiveness and R- Reliability and it is the teacher who helps the child to build his self-concept (Devasenathipati, 2001). According to Miyan Rastogi (2005), a primary school teacher can be called as ‘competent’ only when she/he has a varied range of knowledge in all spheres and skills to achieve her/his goals. Primary schooling is very complex as teachers introduce the children to mathematics, science, language and other social studies which can be very tough and boring for the children, so the onus likes in the hand of the teacher to make all these subjects interesting by using various techniques of teaching like games, music, books etc (Richardson Stop, 1998). ‘A unique human being- the teacher’ who has to play multiple roles; of a listener, leader, psychological diagnostician etc and requires her/his total self, the personal and professional side to shape the personality of the child (Spodek, 1972). In India till the 18th century, education was confined to conventional beliefs and thoughts. It was only later when great thinkers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy felt the urgency to introduce an ‘institution for training teachers’ to help the students cope with the changing educational system around the world (Saxena, 2005). Cheng (1996) commented that â€Å"A teacher with ‘low educational efficacy’ believes that education cannot affect student’s performance, whereas a teacher with ‘high educational efficacy’ believes that education does positively affect learning outcomes. High educational efficacy has been constantly correlated with child centred (developmentally appropriate) environments and positive student outcomes†. Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) is a term coined by the ‘National Association for the Education of Young Children’ which talks about the teaching techniques that identify and foster the developmen tal needs of children (Bredekamp, 1997).   Documenting these practices which can be named as ‘best practices’ will help teachers to enhance their skills and help them improve for the better, at the same time documentation will also prove as a link between the teaching fraternities globally giving birth to more systematic and educational system along with this it will be a boon for the upcoming generation of teachers to adopt these protocols. Hypothesis Rationale Many a time’s teachers are criticised for not doing their best in schools. There could be many reasons; either it could be ineffectiveness of the teacher or lack of resources. Hence it will be very useful to identify the best/healthy practices carried out by teachers with or without resources. This study will help in knowing and understanding the teacher’s effectiveness in primary schools and documenting the best practices so that other teachers who work under similar circumstances with similar goals and constraints get an idea of effective teaching.   The teachers will be observed, recorded and documented in 4 areas: Teacher as a Person, Teacher as a Professional, Teacher’s Interpersonal Relationship and Qualities of the Teacher. Literature Review The literature is based on past researches done on teachers and primary school teaching and it is presented on the following subtopics:   Teacher’s Quality Teacher’s Interpersonal Skills Teacher’s Qualification Documentation of the best practices Primary school teachers and primary education Teacher’s Quality According to Hammond (2000) teachers preparations and teachings are the strongest correlations of the student’s achievement and teacher’s quality is the most vital educational investment. Similarly Rvikin, Hanushek and Kain (1998) reported the student’s performance outcomes to the teacher’s quality, they analysed 400,000 students in 3000 schools from New York, which concluded that school quality is the most important factor in students achievement however teacher’s quality is the most important predictor whereas size and teacher education plays a very small role. Relationship between teachers’ personality and academic and social development was analysed by Heil and Washburne (1998). They found out that children made the greatest progress under the guidance of self-controlled teacher and least under fearful teachers. They also reported that children seem to grow as friendlier under self-controlled teachers.   Teacher’s Interpersonal Skills Dasgupta (2004) observed that those teachers who had a strong interest in their students as individuals and were sensitive to their needs, the students could relate themselves with such teachers in a much better way creating a level of comfort with them. On the other hand, those teachers who are friendly but make no attempt to know their students, the children feel anxious being with them and they even doubted the teacher’s ability to perform. Similarly, those teachers who did not show any interest, the students believed that the teacher had a very low ability to perform and was low self-motivated. A significant body of research reported that academic achievement and students’ behaviour is influenced by the quality of the teacher-student relationship. It also suggests that the emotional aspect of the teacher-student relationship is far more important than the conventional advice on methods and techniques of teaching (Gerald, 1999) Teacher’s Qualification Cheng (1996) conducted a study on high school students’ performance using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Studies (1998) and found that fully certified teachers have a significant positive impact on student test scores as compared to teachers who are not well qualified and certified. Heil (1998) through his study concluded that teachers who had been out from teacher education since long and were away from on-going professional development lacked familiarity with current knowledge. She also commented that there was a significant difference in strength of developmentally appropriate practice beliefs between novice teachers and veteran teachers. The more oriented teachers scored significantly high on measures of developmentally appropriate practices. Documentation of the best practices A study was conducted by Miyan in 2005 documenting the best practices on 25 children in 7 schools and it was seen that the most prominent best practices carried out were providing children with positive reinforcement, treating all children equally, spontaneity while teaching and innovativeness in teaching methods. Similar study conducted by Rastogi (2005) found out that the best teaching practices were using teaching aids and creative methods to teach like dramatizations, providing children with a stimulating environment. Primary school teachers and primary education According to Dasgupta (2004), ‘play’ should be the central activity of children even in primary schools and primary school teachers should teach children using the play way method as it helps children to relate to what is being taught. Introducing games in classroom is one of the ways of encouraging cooperation and motivating the children to study and learn the concepts. Washburne (1998) surveyed primary school children to see the kind of the teachers liked by them and those who were disliked. He found that physical characteristics such as grooming, nice voice, and pleasing personality were found to be more important along with teacher’s qualities like interest in teaching, enthusiasm, innovativeness etc. At the same time children also laid equal emphasis on the personality traits like being cheerful, fair, non-judgemental etc. Methodology Aims Objectives To identify and document the ‘best practices’ of teachers, nominated as ‘effective teachers’ by principals/supervisors To identify the practices that need improvement To observe, record and document the ‘best practices’ of primary school teachers in 4 areas: Teacher as a Person, Teacher as a Professional, Teacher’s Interpersonal Relationship and Qualities of the Teacher. To compare the teachers best practices in relation to the fee structure To compare the teachers best practices in relation to his/her years of teaching experience To compare teachers best practices in relation to the teacher child ratio. Operational Definitions Effective Teachers: These are the teachers having innovative and creative teaching practices and who will be nominated by the principals/supervisors Primary Teacher: Teacher teaching to children in 1st and 2nd grade Low Fee Structured Schools: Schools having fees ranging from Rs.15/- to Rs.350/- per month High Fee Structured Schools: Schools having fees ranging from Rs.350/- to Rs. 450/- per month Data Collection Sample Primary school teachers serving in the schools having low and high fee structure and located in Mumbai, India will be approached using an introductory letter. The schools will be selected keeping in mind the indicators like fee structure, location of schools, medium of instruction and minimum 5years of establishment. 10 schools will be approached and nearly 30 teachers will be observed and interviewed. From these 10 schools, 5 schools will represent schools having low fee structure and remaining 5 schools will represent high fee structure. Research Design The school authorities will be approached with a prior appointment and the school supervisor/principal will be given and introductory letter conveying the nature of the research (refer to appendix 2). The information and the facts about the school (profile of the school) will be obtained from the authorities including details of the school like the name, number of teaching staff, fee structure, teacher-child ratio etc. The principal/supervisor will be asked to nominate three teachers who according to them are effective in their teaching, in short who are exemplary. The teachers will be given a consent form (refer to appendix 1) which will agree their part-taking in the research. Research Tools The research tools that will be used for this study will be a fact sheet, an observation record documentation sheet along with an interview questionnaire. The sample of the research tools is provided in the appendix. The fact sheet will have two parts to it; first it will help in gathering the profile of the school and second one to gather the nomination of the teachers made by the principal/supervisor (Refer to appendix 3) The observation record sheet will be again divided in two parts.   First part will focus on gathering the teacher’s profile (age, qualification, number of years of experience) whereas the second part of the sheet who help in observing the nominated teacher in four criterias namely- Teacher as a Person, Teacher’s Interpersonal Relationship, Teacher as a professional and Qualities of the Teacher (Refer appendix 4a. 4b). The documentation sheet will help in documenting the best practices of teachers along with those practices which need improvement. This will also help in understanding the teacher-child interaction and noting down the minuscule but important details of classroom teaching (Refer to appendix 5) The interview questionnaire will help in interacting with the teachers on one to one basis. The nominated teachers will be interviewed on the basis of the four criterias namely- Teacher as a Person, Teacher’s Interpersonal Relationship, Teacher as a professional and Qualities of the Teacher. The interview will consist of open end questions will be give a chance to the teachers to be more expressive, so that all the details could be captured. (Refer appendix 6) To summarise, the researcher will visit the schools during the school hours for observation. Observation will be done for each teacher for 3 days and each session would be for an hour. The observation record sheet and the documentation sheet will be carried to the classroom to record the verbal comments as well as the non-verbal gestures of the teachers along with the recording of the best practices. So the researcher will observe 3 teachers for 3 days in each school (schools having high as well as low fee structure), one hour per teacher in each school.   The researcher will then interview the teachers during the school hours according to the convenience of the teachers. The interview session would approximately last for an hour. Data Analysis The observation record sheet will be analysed both quantitatively as well as qualitatively where as the documentation and interview sheet will be analysed qualitatively only. The data for the quantitative analysis will be encoded using the SPSS and co-relational analysis will be conducted for the statistical analysis. The data for the qualitative analysis will be encoded using the analysing conversation technique and the IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis) so that a rich data is collected. Reliability and Validity of the research To understand the reliability and validity of the research, a pilot study will be conducted on two schools. During the pilot study the effectiveness of the tool will be checked. A meta-analysis can also be conducted to understand the nature of previous researches done and certain improvisations in the present study can be made on the basis of the systematic review of meta-analysis. Ethical Issues Any research and the practical applications of the procedures come under the scrutiny of professional ethics (Anastasi Urbina, 2004).   Even for this research certain ethical issues have to be taken care of in a systematic manner. A formal approval will be taken from the principals/supervisors of the school who decide to become a part of the study, even the nominated teachers would be asked if they would like to participate and be one of the respondents, they will also be entitled to sign a consent form. All the data collected will be confidential. No one except the researcher will be allowed to access that data. There are no foreseeable risks involved with the tools used for the research. They will be assured that all their information will be kept confidential and privacy will be maintained. While conducting the observations and interview there could be some risk involved like anxiety and questions in the respondents mind. All the participants will be explained the nature of the study, objectives. They will be assured that all their information will be kept confidential and privacy will be maintained. References: Amurang, C., Gerald. (1999). ‘Evaluating Primary Education’, International Developmental Research, Canada Anastasi, A., Urbina,S. (2004). ‘Psychological Testing’, Prentice Hall, USA A World Bank Publication, (1997). ‘Primary Education in India’, U.S.A: Library Cross Publication Bredekamp, S., Copple, C. (1997). ‘Developmentally Appropriate Practices in Early Childhood Programmes’, Washington D.C.: National Association for Education of Young Children. Cheng, Y.C. (1996). ‘Total Teacher Effectiveness: New conception and improvement’, International Journal of Education Management, 10 (6), 7-17. Devasenathipathi, M. (2001). ‘A Good Teacher’, Educational Review, 144 (9),   101. Hammond, L. (1999). ‘Teacher Quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence’, Seattle, WA : Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy, University of Washington. Kain, F., Rivikin, S. (2005). ‘Teachers, Schools, and Academic Achievement’, Econometrica, 73 (2), 417-458. Heil, Lousi., Washburne, C. (1998). ‘What characteristics affect children’s growth?’, The School Review, 68(4), 420-428. Dasgupta, D. (2004), ‘Effective teaching techniques’, Avishkar Publications. Miyan., M., Rastogi., A. (2005). ‘Manpower Planning for Elementary Teacher Education: A pre-requisite for Quality Elementary Education’, University News, 43 (18), 56-62. Pollard, A., Bourne, J. (1995). ‘Teaching and Learning in Primary Schools’, New York: Rout Ledge. Saxena, C. (2005). ‘A Historical Overview of Teacher Education in India from Rig Vedic Age till 1947’, University News, 43(18), 1-7. Spodek, B., (1972). ‘Teaching in Early Years’, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Tilak., J.B.G. (1995) ‘How free is Free Primary Education’, Occasional Paper-21, New Delhi: NIE Richardson, J., Stopp, P. (1998). ‘Becoming a Primary Teacher’, London: Penguin Books